The origins of what has come to be known as Occam's razor are traceable to the works of earlier philosophers such as John Duns Scotus (1265–1308), Robert Grosseteste (1175–1253), Maimonides (Moses ben-Maimon, 1138–1204), and even Aristotle (384–322 BC).
Formulations before William of Ockham Part of a page from John Duns Scotus's book Commentaria oxoniensia ad IV libros magistri Sententiarus, showing the words: " Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate", i.e., "Plurality is not to be posited without necessity" Ockham stated the principle in various ways, but the most popular version, "Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity" ( Non sunt multiplicanda entia sine necessitate) was formulated by the Irish Franciscan philosopher John Punch in his 1639 commentary on the works of Duns Scotus. Ockham did not invent this principle, but its fame-and its association with him-may be due to the frequency and effectiveness with which he used it. Libert Froidmont, in his On Christian Philosophy of the Soul, gives him credit for the phrase, speaking of " novacula occami". The phrase Occam's razor did not appear until a few centuries after William of Ockham's death in 1347. Similarly, in science, Occam's razor is used as an abductive heuristic in the development of theoretical models rather than as a rigorous arbiter between candidate models. This philosophical razor advocates that when presented with competing hypotheses about the same prediction, one should prefer the one that requires the fewest assumptions and that this is not meant to be a way of choosing between hypotheses that make different predictions. Popularly, the principle is sometimes inaccurately paraphrased as "The simplest explanation is usually the best one." Attributed to William of Ockham, a 14th-century English philosopher and theologian, it is frequently cited as Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem, which translates as "Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity", although Occam never used these exact words.
It is also known as the principle of parsimony or the law of parsimony ( Latin: lex parsimoniae). In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor Latin: novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. For the Australian radio program, see Radio National. For the aerial theatre company, see Ockham's Razor Theatre Company.
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